Learning Module

Neurophilosophy

MEET YOUR LECTURER

RAAMY MAJEED

Raamy Majeed is a Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Manchester and an Associate Editor for the Australasian Journal of Philosophy. He was previously a Senior Lecturer at the University of Auckland, and before that, a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the University of Cambridge. He has also worked as a lecturer at the Open University, Lehigh University, the University of Otago, and the University of New South Wales. His PhD, obtained in 2012, is from the University of Sydney. His research, broadly speaking, lies at the intersection of philosophy of mind and cognitive science. He is especially interested in the ways that developmental psychology and biology might inform the cognitive science of emotion. As things stand, such a science is plagued by various controversies. For instance, are our emotions the products of emotion-specific systems in the brain (i.e., modules) or are they the products of domain-general core systems? And what roles do social and cultural features play in shaping emotion? Are they additional inputs to an innate emotional system or do emotions, at least in humans, require socially situated concepts?

He is also interested in the practical ramifications of such questions. For example, can emotions help to explain social phenomena such as racial bias? Can learned fear responses, say, help to explain why police officers are more likely to shoot some racial groups over others? His aim is to determine what taking a developmental approach to emotion might tell us about how to answer such questions. Aside from his work on emotion, he is also interested in other areas of philosophy of mind that intersect with psychology. For instance, what is the nature of the unconscious mind? Are there top-down effects of cognition on perceptual experience? Do we perceive high-level properties?

Dr. Majeed cut his philosophical teeth in Australia, as a graduate student at the University of Sydney and as a visiting scholar at the Australian National University, where he worked on issues in metaphysics and philosophy of language, as well as philosophy of mind. His doctoral dissertation, completed while visiting New York University, was on the so-called hard problem of consciousness: the problem of explaining how and why physical processing gives rise to experiences with a phenomenal character. During this time, his interests lay in the philosophical methodology employed to investigate the mind (e.g., the Canberra Plan and two-dimensional semantics), as well as the topic of phenomenal consciousness itself. His early articles defend a physicalist conception of the mind, and critique the conceptual and linguistic frameworks that are employed to argue against physicalism.

Lessons

1.

The Neural Correlates of Consciousness

2.

The Hard Problem of Consciousness

3.

Animal Minds

4.

Basic Emotions

5.

The Basis of Fear

6.

Folk Psychology

7.

Eliminative Materialism

Module Introduction

Neuroscientists are rapidly expanding the frontiers of our understanding of the brain. But how much can these advances in neuroscience teach us about the human mind, consciousness, emotion, and thought? In this module, we explore the complex relationship between neuroscience and philosophy, examine influential philosophical arguments concerning the relationship between the mind and the brain, and dive into a few recent discussions in neuroscience to understand their philosophical significance.

Learning Outcomes

  • Explain the relationship between neuroscience and philosophy.
  • Consider how our understanding of neuroscience enables us to understand the minds of non-human animals.
  • Define the notion of consciousness, and explain different ways of conceiving its relation to neuroscience.
  • Explore the possibility that neuroscientific understanding may one day supplant our folk psychology.
  • Evaluate the claim that there is a set of basic emotions rooted in brain structures.
  • Assess the neuroscientific claim that fear is a function of the amygdala.
LESSON ONE

The Neural Correlates of Consciousness

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

  • Lorem ipsum 

Watch

Comprehending the argument

Neural correlate of consciousness
Brain processes that are associated with consciousness.
Phenomenal consciousness
The way our experiences feel to us.

1. According to the video, if an episode of phenomenal consciousness is identical with its neural correlate, then:

Correct! Wrong!

LESSON TWO

The Hard Problem of Consciousness

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

  • Lorem ipsum

Watch

Comprehending the argument

1. What are philosophical zombies?

Correct! Wrong!


2. According to the video, if we can imagine philosophical zombies, then:

Correct! Wrong!

LESSON THREE

Animal Minds

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

  • Lorem ipsum

Watch

Comprehending the argument

1. Discussion question: Do you think we can understand what it’s like to be a dog, a bird, or an octopus?

2. Discussion question: If we can’t know what it’s like to be a non-human animal, can we know what it’s like to be another human?

LESSON FOUR

Basic Emotions

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

  • Lorem ipsum

Watch

Comprehending the argument

Mental module
A cognitive mechanism that performs a specific purpose.
Basic emotion
An emotion shared by all humans, across all cultures.

1. Discussion question: Even if human beings all share a small set of basic emotions, how much can we really understand another person’s emotions without understanding their circumstances and culture?

LESSON FIVE

The Basis of Fear

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

  • Lorem ipsum

Watch

Comprehending the argument

1. Discussion question: Do you think you can feel fear without any physical sensations? Or is fear always felt in the body?

2. Which statement best captures LeDoux’s recent view of the basis of fear?

Correct! Wrong!

LESSON SIX

Folk Psychology

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

  • Lorem ipsum

Watch

Comprehending the argument

Folk psychology
Our ability to understand each other in terms of mental states.
Theory
An explanation for something.

1. Which are similarities between folk psychology and a scientific theory?

Please select 2 correct answers

Correct! Wrong!

LESSON SEVEN

Eliminative Materialism

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

  • Lorem ipsum

Watch

Comprehending the argument

1. A theoretical entity is:

Correct! Wrong!


2. Which of these claims do eliminative materialists endorse?

Please select 3 correct answers

Correct! Wrong!